As indicated previously, all computers, regardless of size, perform similar tasks. There are five basic hardware elements that perform these tasks. Following are the five elements and their descriptions.

• Input: Some method of getting software into the computer. For a microcomputer, this is usually a keyboard and storage unit.
• Output: Equipment to get data out of the computer. Usually a video display or printer.
• Central Processing Unit: The CPU processes data in response to software instructions.
• Memory: A temporary storage location for software and data. The memory is cleared when the computer is turned off.
• Secondary Storage: Permanent storage for both data and software. This can be tape, magnetic disk, or other media.

The basic hardware elements described above are sometimes arranged diagrammatically to show how the five interact. That diagram is shown here.

Note: Hardware elements often pass data/instructions to and get instructions from the central processing unit. For some things, this is not necessary and those tasks can be given to coprocessors or other special circuits.

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